Bodenfeuchtemessung mit Gipsscheibenelektroden     

Dipl. Karl Heigel 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1954,29(1):106-114

Zusammenfassung In zahlreichen Versuchen mit Gipsscheibenelektroden wird festgestellt, daß das Meßergebnis nicht nur vom Wassergehalt des Gipses, sondern auch von Temperatur, Bodenart und Individualität der Elektrode bestimmt wird. Von diesen Faktoren kann der Temperatureinfluß durch gleichzeitige Bodentemperaturmessung erfasst und ausgeschaltet werden. Bodenart und Individualität der Gipsscheibe erfordern Eichung einer jeden Elektrode in dem Boden, in welchem gemessen werden soll. Fehlerquellen ergeben sich durch das angegebene Eichverfahren, da sich der «natürliche» Boden nicht vollkommen reproduzieren läßt, sowie durch vorzeitige Korrosion der Elektrodengitter. Als Endergebnis wird festgestellt, daß Messungen mit Gipsscheibenelektroden im natürlichen ungedüngten Boden brauchbare Bodenfeuchtewerte ergeben.

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Summary The resistance of gypsum disk units for soil moisture measurements is destined not only by the amount of water of gypsum, but also by temperature, quality of soil and individuality of the unit. The influence of temperature can be got and disconnected by simultaneous measuring of soil temperature. Quality of soil and individuality of the unit require calibration of each unit in the soil to be measured. Sources of error result from the applied procedure of calibration because the «natural» soil cannot be reproduced completely, and by premature corrosion of the electrods. Measurements by gypsum disk units supply useful amounts of soil moisture in natural unfertilized soils.

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Die Wittlicher Rotliegend-Senke und ihre tektonische Stellung im Rheinischen Schiefergebirge     

Karl -Otto Kopp 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1955,44(1):100-147

Zusammenfassung Die Wittlicher Rotliegendsenke ist synsedimentär während des Oberrotliegenden und Zechsteins abgesunken. Der SE-Rand lagert dem flach nach NW eintauchenden Hunsrückschiefer auf; der NW-Rand wird durch eine Verwerfung gebildet, die innerhalb der Wissenbacher Schiefer liegt und der Schieferung dieser Gesteine parallel läuft.Feintektonische Untersuchungen des devonischen Rahmens der Senke lassen auch schon während der varistischen Faltung Bewegungsvorgänge erkennen, die das Einsinken der Rotliegend-Senke vorbereiten.  相似文献   

Die tektonische Prägung des Vennsattels und seiner Umgebung     

Karl N. Thome 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1955,44(1):266-305

Zusammenfassung Strukturelle Untersuchungen im Vennsattel und seiner Umgebung ergeben, daß die Hauptfaltung, die die heute sichtbaren Strukturen sowohl des vordevonischen Sattelkerns als auch der devonisch-karbonischen Flanken prägte, varistisch ist. Die Entwicklung dieser Faltung wird beschrieben.Die kaledonische Faltung, die gewöhnlich in den vordevonischen Schichten vermutet wird, kann nur sehr schwach gewesen sein. Anzeichen für eine Faltung des Vennkerns vor dem Tremadoc sind vorhanden. Die Intrusion der Eruptivgesteine (u.a. Granit von Lammersdorf) fällt in die Zeit zwischen Tremadoc und Ende der varistischen Faltung. Es gibt Anhaltspunkte, daß die großen SE-NW-(Quer-)-Störungen schon vor der varistischen Hauptfaltung (Asturische Faltung) bestanden haben.  相似文献   

Die Bestimmung einer Geoiderhebung aus Messungen mit der Drehwaage von Eötvös     

Prof. Dr. Karl Mader 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1948,13(1-2):53-57

Zusammenfassung Aus Drehwaagenmessungen des Bundesamtes für Eich- und Vermessungegswesen wird in einem Spezialfall die Geoidhebung eines fast isolierten Gebirgsstockes durch zweimalige Integration von bestimmt. Direkte Berechnung des Potentials führt zum gleichen Resultat.

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Résumé Au moyen de mesures faites avec la balance de torsion d'Eötvös effectuées par le Service Fédéral Autrichien de Géodésie, de Cartographie, du Cadastre et des Poids et Mesures, un cas particulier d'élévation du géoide produite par un massif de montagne presque isolé est déterminé par intégration réitérée de . Le calcul direct du potentiel a conduit au même résultat.

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Hydration shell structures in a LiI solution at elevated temperature and pressure: a molecular dynamics study     

Gyula I. Szász  Karl Heinzinger 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1983,64(1):163-167

Molecular dynamics simulations of a 0.55 molal aqueous LiI solution have been performed at 508 K and 308 K and a density of 1.05 g/cm³. The structural changes resulting from increased temperature and pressure are discussed.  相似文献   

ADAPTATION TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE *     

Karl W. Butzer 《The Professional geographer》1980,32(3):269-278

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is expected to double by A.D. 2050, raising global temperatures 2 to 3°C. A model for climatic deviations is presented, based upon paleoclimatic experience 5,000 to 8,000 years ago, when midlatitude temperatures were 1.5 to 2.5°C higher. The economic prognosis includes a United States barely able to meet its own agricultural needs and a substantial overall reduction of world food supplies. The revolutionary implications for contemporary sociopolitical alignments suggest an urgent need for long-range planning and more, historically oriented research.  相似文献   

The record of impact cratering on the great volcanic shields of the Tharsis region of Mars     

Karl R. Blasius 《Icarus》1976,29(3):343-361

Mariner 9 images of the four great volcanic shields of the Tharsis region of Mars show many circular craters ranging in diameter from 100mm to 20 km. Previous attempts to date the volcanoes from their apparent impact crater densities yielded a range of results. The principal difficulty is sorting volcanic from impact craters for diameters $\text{?1}\text{km}$. Many of the observed craters are aligned in prominent linear and concentric patterns suggestive of volcanic origin. In this paper an attempt is made to date areas of shield surface, covered with high resolution images using only scattered small (?1 km) craters of probable impact origin. Craters of apparent volcanic origin are systematically excluded from the dating counts.The common measure of age, deduced for all surfaces studied, is a calculated “crater age” F′ defined as the number of craters equal to or larger than 1 km in diameter per 10⁶km². The conclusions reached from comparing surface ages and their geological settings are: (1) Lava flow terrain surfaces with ages, F′, from 180 to 490 are seen on the four great volcanoes. Summit surfaces of similar ages, F′ = 360 to 420, occur on the rims of calderas of Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Olympus Mons. The summit of Ascraeus Mons is possibly younger; F′ is calculated to be 180 for the single area which could be dated. (2) One considerably younger surface, F′ < 110, is seen on the floor of Arsia Mon's summit caldera. (3) Nearly crater free lava flow terrain surfaces seen on Olympus Mons are estimated to be less than half the age of a summit surface. The summit caldera floor is similarly young. (4) The pattern of surface ages on the volcanoes suggests that their eruption patterns are similar to those of Hawaiian basaltic shields. The youngest surfaces seem concentrated on the mid-to-lower flanks and within the summit calderas. (5) The presently imaged sample of shield surface, though incomplete, clearly shows a broad range of ages on three volcanoes—Olympus, Arsia, and Pavonis Mons.Estimated absolute ages of impact dated surfaces are obtained from two previously published estimates of the history of flux of impacting bodies on Mars. The estimated ranges of age for the observed crater populations are 0.5 to 1.2b.y. and 0.07 to 0.2b.y. Areas which are almost certainly younger, less than 0.5 or 0.07b.y., are also seen. The spans of surface age derived for the great shields are minimum estimates of their active lifetimes, apparently very long compared to those of terrestrial volcanoes.  相似文献   

Zur Vergleichbarkeit der magmatischen Gesteine aus dem Adamello mit den Tonalitgraniten aus den Hohen Tauern     

F. Karl 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1964,9(1-2):7-38

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 15 Textabbildungen  相似文献   

Chemical Mechanism Development: Laboratory Studies and Model Applications     

Harald Geiger  Ian Barnes  Karl H. Becker  Birger Bohn  Theo Brauers  Birgit Donner  Hans-Peter Dorn  Manfred Elend  Carlos M. Freitas Dinis  Dirk Grossmann  Heinz Hass  Holger Hein  Axel Hoffmann  Lars Hoppe  Frank Hülsemann  Dieter Kley  Björn Klotz  Hans G. Libuda  Tobias Maurer  Djuro Mihelcic  Geert K. Moortgat  Romeo Olariu  Peter Neeb  Dirk Poppe  Lars Ruppert  Claudia G. Sauer  Oleg Shestakov  Holger Somnitz  William R. Stockwell  Lars P. Thüner  Andreas Wahner  Peter Wiesen  Friedhelm Zabel  Reinhard Zellner  Cornelius Zetzsch 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,42(1):323-357

Within the German Tropospheric Research Programme (TFS) numerous kinetic and mechanistic studies on the tropospheric reaction/degradation of the following reactants were carried out: oxygenated VOC, aromatic VOC, biogenic VOC, short-lived intermediates, such as alkoxy and alkylperoxy radicals.At the conception of the projects these selected groups were classes of VOC or intermediates for which the atmospheric oxidation mechanisms were either poorly characterised or totally unknown. The motivation for these studies was the attainment of significant improvements in our understanding of the atmospheric chemical oxidation processes of these compounds, particularly with respect to their involvement in photooxidant formation in the troposphere. In the present paper the types of experimental investigations performed and the results obtained within the various projects are briefly summarised. The major achievements are highlighted and discussed in terms of their contribution to improving our understanding of the chemical processes controlling photosmog formation in the troposphere.  相似文献   

Remineralization Ratios in the Subtropical North Pacific Gyre   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Yuan-Hui Li  David M. Karl  Christopher D. Winn  Fred T. Mackenzie  Kathleen Gans 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2000,6(1):65-85

Based on a new mixing model of two end-members, the water column remineralization ratios of P/N/C_org - O₂ = 1/13 ± 1/135 ± 18/170 ± 9 are obtained for the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) data set at station ALOHA. The traditional Redfield ratios of P/N/C_org/–O₂ = 1/16/106/138 have standard deviations of more than 50%, when they are based on the average composition of phytoplankton. Apparently, the remineralization processes in the water column have smoothed out the observed large variability of plankton compositions. A new molar formula for the remineralized plankton may be written as ₁₃₅H₂₈₀O₁₀₅N₁₃P or C₂₅(CH₂O)₁₀₁(CH₄)₉(NH₃)₁₃(H₃PO₄). Oxidation of this formula results inC₂₅(CH₂O)₁₀₁(CH₄)₉(NH₃)₁₃(H₃PO₄) + 170O₂ 135CO₂ + 132H₂O + 13NO₃ ^- + H₂PO₄ ^- + 14H⁺.For comparison, remineralization using Redfield's formula gives:(CH₂O)₁₀₆(NH₃)₁₆(H₃PO₄) + 138O₂ 106CO₂ + 122H₂O + 16NO₃ ^-+ H₂PO₄ ^- + 17H⁺  相似文献